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The food guide pyramid, informally known as the
food pyramid, and formally titled the Improved American
Food Guide
Pyramid, was published in 1992 to replace the earlier food groups
classification system. The food guide pyramid suggested optimal
nutrition guidelines for each food category, per day, using a
mnemonic graphic of a pyramid with horizontal dividing lines, to
represent suggested percentages of the daily diet for each food
group.
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What is a "Healthy Diet"?
The Dietary Guidelines describe a healthy diet as one that
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Emphasizes fruits,
vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk
products
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Includes lean meats,
poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts
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Is low in saturated
fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars.
The recommendations in the
Dietary Guidelines and in MyPyramid are for the general public
over 2 years of age. MyPyramid is not a therapeutic diet for any
specific health condition. Individuals with a chronic health
condition should consult with a health care provider to determine
what dietary pattern is appropriate for them.
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To many nutritional experts (eg Walter Wilett), the
1992 pyramid did not reflect the latest research on dietetics.
Certain dietary choices that have been linked to heart disease,
such as three cups of whole milk and an 8 oz. serving of hamburger
daily, were technically permitted under the pyramid. The major
points of criticism have been the pyramid's lack of
differentiation within the protein-rich group ("Meat, Poultry,
Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts"), some lack of clarity with
regard to recommended serving sizes and the pyramid's lack of
emphasis on whole grains.
Some of the recommended quantities for
the different types of food in the old pyramid have also come
under criticism for lack of clarity. For instance, the pyramid
recommends two to three servings from the protein-rich group, but
this is intended to be a maximum. The pyramid recommends two to
four fruit servings, but this is intended to be a minimum.
Another problem is that the food pyramid does not
distinguish between whole grains and refined grains. Since some
vegetarian diets tend to be based on refined grains, it can skew
perceptions significantly.
The Harvard School of Public Health proposes the Healthy eating
pyramid, which includes calcium and multi-vitamin supplements as
well as moderate amounts of alcohol, as an alternative to the Food
Guide Pyramid.
Many observers believe that the Harvard pyramid follows the
results of nutrition studies published in peer reviewed scientific
journals more closely. Some claim that the USDA was and is unduly
influenced by political pressure exerted by food production
associations. For instance, the recommended intake of 5 or more
cups daily of fruits and vegetables is more than double
the World Health Organization recommendation of 400g (about 0.9
lb.) and considerably greater than NHS recommendations.
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